A B S T R A C TThe present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting improving the quality of urban housing. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the research was the residents of 8 residential complexes of Atabak neighborhood in District 15 of Tehran. Based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the validity of which was verified in the form of face and face validity, as well as divergent validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Analysis of data and information was done using SPSS and PLS software. The findings of this research showed physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368, the variable of access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, the variable of housing social conditions with a path coefficient of 0.169, and environmental quality with a path coefficient of 0.302 has a positive and significant impact on housing quality. According to the path coefficient obtained for the research variables, the amount of their impact on housing quality is evaluated as average. Among the identified factors, the factor of physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368 has the most significant impact, and the factor of access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339 is ranked second. Also, this factor has a positive and significant effect on the physical quality factor of housing.Extended AbstractIntroductionAtabak neighborhood is one of the neighborhoods of District 15 of Tehran. In this neighborhood, physical changes have been made according to the interventions of the Tehran municipality in line with the implementation of the urban landscape plan and organized (inflow of private sector capital) in different years so far. Along with these interventions, the inadequacy of infrastructure and services to meet the population's needs has become this neighborhood's basic problem. Attention to its qualitative aspect needs to be addressed. This matter is important from the point of view of providing the city's basic needs, equitable distribution of facilities and resources, reducing urban inequalities, improving economic-social indicators, preventing unbridled and unplanned expansion, and ultimately improving the quality of life of the people. It demands that the quality of housing and the factors affecting it be evaluated and that a double effort be made to improve it, and it can provide a suitable context for providing suitable models of housing quality for citizens. Considering the mentioned cases, this research aims to answer the question:- What are the effective factors in improving the quality of housing? MethodologyThe current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was the residents of Mobaat, Minabi, Atabek, Shahrak Sajjadieh, Yas, Zahid Gilani, Shahid Asadi, and Safa residential complexes located in Atabak neighborhood of District 15 of Tehran. The statistical population was equal to 20469 people, and based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected; the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed in the form of face and face validity as well as divergent validity. In order to check the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability were used, and according to the results presented in the research findings section, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. The data obtained from this research were analyzed using structural modeling using SPSS and PLS software. Results and discussion This research showed that physical quality has a positive and significant effect on improving housing quality; according to the value of the obtained path coefficient, which is equal to 0.368, the value of this effect is considered moderate. Based on the results, it can be said that physical dimensions, such as the physical crystallization of housing, are the most objective and material issues in housing evaluation, analysis, and planning. Concerning the impact of access to urban services on the quality of housing, the findings indicated a significant impact of access to urban services. In explaining the results of this section, it can be said that gradually, the housing is changing from a single purpose to a shelter. Those other aspects of welfare and social comfort are also added; the limits of enjoying services and access to the essentials of life are shown to evaluate the housing quality. These indicators are very important in determining housing quality and are an integral part of housing planning. Access to urban housing services is considered one of the main indicators of life, which the Population Crisis Committee has used to measure quality in the world's metropolises. In relation to social conditions and environmental quality on the quality of housing, the results of this research confirmed the impact of the social environment and environmental quality on the quality of housing. Creating residential spaces is a topic that has been discussed previously. From the beginning, human beings have tried to create a favorable living environment that matches the quality conditions of their residence's social and environmental environment. ConclusionThis research was written to explain the factors affecting improving the quality of urban housing. The findings of this research showed that among the studied factors, the physical quality factor with a path coefficient of 0.368 has the most significant impact on improving the quality of urban housing in Tehran, such that this factor can explain 13.5% of the variance of the housing quality condition variable. Physical quality is defined based on the structural basis of a building and is often defined in the form of rules and standards related to it. The physical quality is sometimes interpreted as the appearance of buildings. Since they are fixed and real things, they are the reason for the emergence of general indicators for housing evaluation. The second factor is access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, so this factor can explain 11.4% of the variance of the housing quality condition variable. This factor has been ranked second regarding the impact on housing quality according to the path coefficient value obtained. In third place was the factor of environmental quality with the path coefficient value of 0.302, and this factor can explain 1.9% of the variance of the variable of housing quality. Moreover, in the last place is the factor of housing social conditions, which has a path coefficient of 0.196. Also, from the other results of this research, we can mention the positive effect of access to the quality of urban services on the improvement of the physical condition of housing, and the value of the path coefficient obtained for this effect is equal to 0.623 so that it is 38.8% of the variance of the variable. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

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This research article examines legal discrimination against children born out of wedlock in Iran. Despite laws promoting equality, societal attitudes influenced by beliefs continue to result in discrimination. The study explores the reconciliation of religious beliefs with legal frameworks and the changes made to the Iranian legal system in response to positive human rights developments. The Article seeks to bridge the research gaps by comparing the experiences of Iranian children with those in other countries affected by Islamic law. The study employs library sources and descriptive and historical research methods to examine the legal status of children born outside of marriage, both nationally and internationally, and the discrimination they face. The Article is structured into four distinct sections: an analysis of Islamic Law, a review of the Iranian legal system, an assessment of Iran's compliance with international conventions, and a discourse on the necessity of substantial positive change. The Article ultimately recommends the eradication of discrimination through heightened awareness and the advancement of inclusivity for all children, irrespective of their lineage. In summary, this research Article aims to shed light on legal challenges faced by children born outside of marriage in Iran, with the goal of promoting positive changes in their treatment.

وکلا حسب رویه مانوس، فعالیت خود را فردی یا با مشارکت یکدیگر انجام می دهند. امروزه بر اساس قوانین و مقررات برخی کشورها، وکلای دادگستری می توانند با عنوان شرکت های تجاری یا دیگر موسسات، تحت قوانین و مقررات خاص به ارائه خدمات حقوقی از جمله وکالت دادگستری بپردازند. در حقوق ایران، مقررات خاصی در خصوص وکالت دادگستری در قالب شخص حقوقی وجود ندارد. در عمل هم شاهد هستیم پروانه وکالت به شرکت ها و موسسات اعطا نشده است. دادگاه ها نیز اشخاص حقوقی را به عنوان وکیل به رسمیت نمی شناسند. دیگر اینکه میدان برای تاسیس نهادهای حقوقی همچون شرکت سهامی، تعاونی و موسسات غیرتجاری به منظور فعالیت در امر وکالت باز نشده و تجربه ای بسیار اندک در این زمینه مجالی برای تحرک و توسعه ساختاری فراهم نکرده است. با این حال، در ایران به دلیل نقش موثری که اشخاص حقوقی در این زمینه دارند، لازم است وضع موجود ساماندهی شده، به شرکت های حقوقی مانند سایر کشورها اجازه داده شود تحت مقررات وارد عرصه وکالت گردند.

سلامت یکی از اساسی ترین نیازهای همه انسان هاست. اصلی ترین کارکرد نظام سلامت هر کشوری، ارایه خدمات این حوزه است. هدف انجام این تحقیق، این است که خدمات به چه طریقی از سوی چه نهادی و به توجه به چه اصولی ارایه می گردند. بعد از پیروزی انقلاب اسلامی گسترش تامین اجتماعی در اصل 29 قانون اساسی با تکیه بر برخورداری همه مردم از مزایای تامین اجتماعی به عنوان حقی همگانی سرلوحه کار قرار گرفت. بر این اساس نهادها، سازمان ها، موسسات و صندوق های اصلی در قلمروهای بیمه ای، حمایتی و امدادی این نظام مکلفند امور اجرایی و تصدی گری خود در زمینه تولید و ارایه خدمات و تعهدات قانونی مربوط را به موجب قراردادهایی که ضوابط آن با پیشنهاد وزارت تعاون، کار و رفاه اجتماعی و تصویب شورای عالی رفاه و تامین اجتماعی تعیین خواهد شد به موسسات کارگزاری محول نمایند. در نظام حقوقی ایران نهادهای مختلفی مسیول ارایه خدمات حوزه سلامت به اقشار مختلف جامعه هستند، اما اصلی ترین نهادهای ارایه دهنده خدمات بیمه ای، سازمان بیمه خدمات درمانی و سازمان تامین اجتماعی هستند. هر یک از این سازمان ها با توجه به وظایف و تعهداتی که بر عهده دارند، اقدام به ارایه خدمات سلامت در جامعه می کنند.

ABSTRACT Considering the concept of quality of life in cities to be the same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of the factors affecting the quality of life. Therefore, according to the size of the city, different indicators should be considered to measure the quality of life. Thus, according to the main goal of the research, which is to recognize, identify and compile the factors affecting the improvement of the quality of life in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale, Qazvin and Zia Abad cities in Qazvin province were selected as study samples. In order to achieve the goal of the research, exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis were exerted. The findings show that the homogenization of the indicators affecting the quality of life in all cities is incorrect. Some concepts, such as the size of the city, are effective in compiling and selecting the indicators affecting the quality of life. So, the indicators affecting the quality of life in each city can be different according to some concepts, such as the city's characteristics or the city's size. Examining study samples also shows that in small cities, social indicators are more important due to strong social solidarity among people and the high importance of social and cultural concepts. Moreover, in middle cities, due to the importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each other and the weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic factors have the most importance in explaining the quality of life; this shows that the Quality of life indicators are different in all cities Extended Abstract Introduction Quality of life is a multifaceted and dynamic concept that can be different from city to city and region to region and can be defined by various indicators. Not paying attention to this issue and considering the concept of quality of life equally in all cities has caused the level of quality of life to decrease in many cities, especially middle and small cities, in recent years. On the other hand, considering the concept of quality of life in cities to be the same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of the factors affecting the quality of life. Following this, the main goal of this research is to identify, identify and compile effective factors for improving the quality of life in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale. In order to achieve this goal, the cities of Qazvin and Zia Abad in Qazvin province were selected as study samples, so that according to the size of the city, in order to achieve the goal of the research, the factors affecting the quality of life are analyzed on an intra-provincial scale.   Methodology The research method is applied research based on quantitative methods. In line with data analysis, after extracting 60 indicators of quality of life, first, the indicators were separated into separate and structured factors using the exploratory factor analysis method in SPSS software. And then, step by step regression method was used to measure the effective factors in improving the quality of life in cities.   Results and discussion The research findings show that based on exploratory factor analysis, 16 factors were extracted in Zia Abad city and 15 factors in Qazvin city as effective factors on the quality of life in small and middle cities. In order to present and explain the factors affecting the improvement of the quality of life in small and middle cities, the factors extracted from the factor analysis were analyzed by multivariate regression method and step-by-step method. Furthermore, finally, (13) factors were introduced in Zia   Abad and (13) factors in Qazvin as the main factors influencing the quality of life. The analysis of the findings indicates that in Zia Abad, factors such as life expectancy and social relations, security, the state of urban services and access to urban facilities, living expenses, the state of urban furniture, urban traffic, the state of offices and housing have more effects in explaining and improving the quality of life. In Qazvin, factors such as the state of urban services, the state of green and public spaces in the city, the state of security and economic opportunities in the city, the density and hope of urban, economic, and cultural life, the state of roads and leisure in the city are effective in explaining the quality of life. Following this, according to the above findings, quality of life is a multidimensional and dynamic concept that directly relates to the type of cities and the specific characteristics of cities. Therefore, the quality of life and its indicators can differ from city to city; because every city has its characteristics and characteristics with citizens with different cultures and thinking, which causes the factors affecting the quality of life to be different. Therefore, considering the quality of life and its indicators to be the same in all cities is wrong, which can lead to the decline of the quality of life and the failure of quality of life improvement programs.   Conclusion Finally, the research results indicate that quality of life is a simple concept covering various urban life aspects. This concept can be defined as a determining factor in the excellence and progress of cities and residents' satisfaction with their urban life. It is multifaceted and dependent on place and time. As a result, the perception of people in different cities and communities about the concept of quality of life and the factors affecting it can be different. Following this, factors and indicators should be selected according to the characteristics and conditions of that city in urban planning to improve the quality of life for each city. Thus, this research, using the classification of cities based on the size of the city, has presented factors specifically for middle and small cities, which in small cities due to strong social solidarity among people and the great importance of social and cultural concepts, social indicators are more important. Moreover, in middle cities, due to the importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each other and the weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic factors have the most importance in explaining the quality of life; this shows that the quality of life indicators are different in all cities.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

با گسترش تحریم های ایالات متحده علیه ایران، بسیاری از ارائه دهندگان خدمات حقوقی حتی در کشورهای اروپایی از ارائة خدمات حقوقی به اتباع ایرانی یا اختلافاتی که به نحوی به ایران مربوط می شده، خودداری نمودند. به طور خاص، این خودداری از سوی سازمان های داوری بیشتر موردتوجه واقع شد. سؤال اصلی پژوهش حاضر این است که آیا تحریم های ثانویۀ آمریکا می تواند به عنوان دلیلی بر عدم ارائة خدمات حقوقی از سوی سازمان های داوری و به تبع آن خدمات مالی مؤسسات مالی فعال در روندهای داوری قرار گیرد؟بر اساس سه فرمان اجرایی صادره توسط رئیس جمهور ایالات متحده آمریکا علیه ایران، از یک سو ارائة خدمات حقوقی و مالی توسط سازمان های داوری و مؤسسات مالی فعال در روندهای داوری، آن ها را در معرض ریسک تحریم و اعمال ضمانت اجرا نقض تحریم ها قرار می دهد؛ از سوی دیگر مجوز عام مقرر شده در قسمت های a و d ماده 560.525 «مقررات تحریم ها و معاملات ایران» شامل ارائة خدمات حقوقی می شود. اما حتی این امر نیز قطعی نیست به طوری که این استثنا نیز مطابق بند 1 قسمت d ماده 560.525 مقررات فوق الذکر و نیز سایر قوانین و مقررات محدود و مقید شده است.در نتیجه، این سه فرمان اجرایی و استثنای مجوزعام، ارائة خدمات حقوقی و مالی به اتباع ایرانی یا اختلافاتی که به نحوی به ایران مربوط می شده را صراحتاً ممنوع نکرده است؛ لیکن عملاً آن را بر اساس ارزیابی هزینه فایده ای کرده که توسط سازمان های داوری و مؤسسات مالی انجام می گیرد حتی اگر این خودداری از ارائة خدمات منجر به امکان طرح دعوای مطالبۀ خسارت علیه آنها شود.

امروزه یکی از مباحث مهم برای سازمان ها مخصوصا سازمان های خدماتی، شناخت هر چه بیشتر مشتریان و اطلاع یافتن از انتظارات آنان است. لذا طراحی سیستم اندازه گیری رضایت مشتریان موجب کسب اطلاع سازمان ها از میزان انتظارات مشتریان و میزان کیفیت خدمات ارایه شده به آنان می شود و زمینه را برای بهبود عملکرد آنها مهیا می سازد. شرکت های بازرسی نیز با داشتن نقش اساسی در تجارت از این قاعده مستثنی نیستند. این تحقیق که در یکی از شرکت های بازرسی به نام «شرکت خدمات بازرسی بین المللی بخرد» انجام شده است، سعی دارد تا میزان انتظارات مشتریان و میزان کیفیت خدمات ارایه شده به آنان را مورد سنجش قرار دهد. در این تحقیق برای تحلیل داده های استخراجی از پرسشنامه، از تکنیک های t- استودنت، تحلیل واریانس و آزمون دانکن استفاده شده است. تحلیل ها نشان داد که میزان انتظارات مشتریان در سه بعد دانش، سرعت و ارتباطات از میزان کیفیت خدمات ارایه شده بیشتر است. همچنین این تحقیق اهمیت مولفه های مربوط به این سه بعد را نیز نشان داد. در پایان راه کارهای موثر برای افزایش رضایت مشتریان ارایه گردید.